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电影《唐山大地震》中有一个揪心的场景：
一儿一女同时压在一块石板下，你却只能选择救其中一个，而救一个就等于放弃了另一个。
";i:4;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-e6323b1f3c29f5176bfecf5651b15652_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:5;s:362:"
如果是你，你会怎么做呢？
此时，面对如此两难的选择，你或许心底会闪现一个很不人道的念头：如果其中一个已经遇难就好了。
这个念头虽有悖母亲的天性和道德，却又在这样难以抉择的当下真实存在。这一矛盾纠结的心理现象究竟是怎样产生的，又该如何解释呢？
";i:6;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:26:"毁灭吧 赶紧的 累了";}}}}i:7;s:857:"
牛津大学的 Kate Barasz 教授针对这一心理状态做了 9 个相关场景下的研究：包括乳腺癌是否化疗、韧带拉伤是否摘除、生产是否剖腹等情况下，人们对诊断结果的期待[1]。
其中对于乳腺癌患者的研究尤为典型：当已诊断出恶性肿瘤，但还没有检测出是中度还是重度时，你将会面对两种不同的情景——
其一，结果为重度，手术后仍然有极大复发风险，医生会强烈建议你化疗；
其二，中度，手术后复发率较低，因此你可以选择是否化疗。化疗可以进一步降低复发率，但对身体有很强的副作用，并且过程十分难受。所以如果不化疗也没有复发，那选择化疗岂不是白白遭罪？
很显然，更轻度的病症应该是病人所天然渴望的。然而研究结果表示：";i:8;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:51:"人们竟然普遍渴望得到那个更坏的结果";}}i:9;s:5:"。
";i:10;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-bd4465089f2a63f71548f65197328d73_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:11;s:95:"
为什么人们会更希望自己得重病呢？
事实上，这便是心理学原理中的 ";i:12;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:33:"“决策中的坏消息偏好”";}}i:13;s:654:"(paradoxical tendency to hope for worse news)，指人们在面临困难决策时，会更希望听到相对糟糕的消息，以规避困难抉择。
简单来说，人们宁愿接受一个极差的结果，也不愿意在两个较差的结果中选择一个，并为自己的选择负责。
比如说，当你购买的基金又出现一路亮起的绿线时，你会希望它小跌一小步，还是希望它干脆跌停跌爆了呢？
如果是一小步的话，你是趁此机会赶紧抛出及时止损，还是加大买入疯狂补仓呢？——这当然与你的保守程度有关，但无论是选择保守还是不保守，前提是你已经";i:14;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:39:"意识到了自己将要负起的责任";}}i:15;s:116:"，与上述医疗决定中的对自己的健康的责任类似——对自己资产的责任。
这便是所谓的";i:16;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"决策规避";}}i:17;s:346:"，是指人们不愿意承担决策后需要对结果所负的责任，而试图回避决策的心理。因此，面对两难抉择时，人们会渴望由上帝直接宣布那个更差的结果，来避开令人纠结的决定，从而减轻自己在决策过程中所要负的责任。
用一句话概括：毁灭吧，赶紧的，累了。
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讲到这里，你应该已经明白了：哦~原来是想逃避责任啊~
不过，难道所有情况下人们都会更喜欢坏消息吗？
当然不！Barasz 教授研究发现，";i:22;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:36:"当主观上面对较难的选择时";}}i:23;s:803:"，才会有“坏消息偏好”。也就是说，只有会使你辗转反侧、纠结头秃的选择，才会导致希望接受更差消息的倾向。
这是很显然的。举个例子，你在和相亲 / 联谊对象 dating 过后，会纠结是否应该继续联系以表达你的好感。这也是个两难的决定：如果对方并没有继续发展的想法，那就是一个大写的社死尴尬瞬间；但如果对方有这个意图，但碍于你没有主动发问而错过一段良缘呢？
此时你就很容易懂举这个例子的目的了：这困难程度显然小了很多。你大概率会倾向于那个积极的结果，并主动联系，因为失败的代价不过是尴尬一下而已，为了爱情，这很值啊！（当然如果你是深度社恐患者，当我没说）
";i:24;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:33:"请勇敢打开潘多拉的盒子";}}}}i:25;s:139:"
讨论到这，你或许会发问：这种坏消息偏好是对人们有益的吗？对自己这么不负责任真的好吗？
首先，";i:26;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:36:"不要急着批评自己的不负责";}}i:27;s:176:"，这种“坏消息偏好”是正常的心理现象。
其次，我们也应当认识到这一偏好可能会带来的不良影响——坏消息偏好可能会给决策者";i:28;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:24:"带来不正当的激励";}}i:29;s:117:"，例如人们可能会更倾向于直接放弃改进和变好的机会，也就是我们通常说的“摆烂”~
";i:30;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"img";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:5:"[IMG]";i:1;s:6:"[/IMG]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:83:"https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-69e99765bc889047ce85572e65afef9f_720w.jpg?source=8673f162";}}i:31;s:777:"
当《荒岛余生》中男主的未婚妻选择相信遇到空难的主角已死而嫁人的时候，她放弃了等待那个微乎其微的生还几率，但同时也放弃了男主因为得到坚持救援而顺利回家的可能。抱着不评判的态度，我们相信她的善良，也相信自己在那个两难境地下或许会做出一样的决定。
但学堂君想强调的是，潘多拉的魔盒迟早会被打开。只希望各位在那瑰异绮丽光芒乍现的时候，可以因为了解这一人类天然就有的心理现象，而能够坦然面对任何一种结果。并可以在这或好或坏的事实面前，努力地、积极地、坚定不移地做出那个不用逃避的选择——向阳生长，不负人生一场。
作者 | MR.
编辑｜ ";i:32;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"url";s:6:"option";s:60:"http://www.zhihu.com/people/76d543f8b32f2130734c81d09ef29f5f";s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:68:"[URL='http://www.zhihu.com/people/76d543f8b32f2130734c81d09ef29f5f']";i:1;s:6:"[/URL]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:13:"@硬糖酸梅";}}i:33;s:35:"
欢迎关注心理学科普平台";i:34;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"url";s:6:"option";s:61:"https://www.zhihu.com/people/f3260f05df264ee916da258e1384e247";s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:69:"[URL='https://www.zhihu.com/people/f3260f05df264ee916da258e1384e247']";i:1;s:6:"[/URL]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:22:"@京师心理大学堂";}}i:35;s:3:"，";i:36;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:3:"url";s:6:"option";s:222:"https://www.zhihu.com/search?q=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&search_source=Entity&hybrid_search_source=Entity&hybrid_search_extra=%7B%22sourceType%22%3A%22answer%22%2C%22sourceId%22%3A2274087547%7D";s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:230:"[URL='https://www.zhihu.com/search?q=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&search_source=Entity&hybrid_search_source=Entity&hybrid_search_extra=%7B%22sourceType%22%3A%22answer%22%2C%22sourceId%22%3A2274087547%7D']";i:1;s:6:"[/URL]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:18:"北京师范大学";}}i:37;s:111:"心理学部出品，奉献百年积淀，带你脑洞大开。任何形式的转载请知乎私信联系。
";i:38;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:1:"b";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:3:"[B]";i:1;s:4:"[/B]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:12:"参考文献";}}i:39;s:2:"
";i:40;a:4:{s:3:"tag";s:6:"indent";s:6:"option";N;s:8:"original";a:2:{i:0;s:8:"[INDENT]";i:1;s:9:"[/INDENT]";}s:8:"children";a:1:{i:0;s:143:"Barasz, K., & Hagerty, S. F. (2021). Hoping for the Worst? A Paradoxical Preference for Bad News. Journal of Consumer Research, 48(2), 270-288.";}}i:41;s:1:"
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